Introduction

• Would You Be A Cation Or Anion
• Ne Cation Or Anion
• Is Ne A Cation Or Anion
• Neon Cation Or Anion
• Be Cation Or Anion

This section explores writing electron configurations for ions and describing trends in ionic radii. This section includes worked examples, a glossary, and practice problems.

Anions are the Ions that bear a net negative charge by gaining excess electrons from their surrounding atoms or molecules because the protons in the nucleus get unable to neutralize the impact of gained electrons.

Learning Objectives for Electron Configurations for Ions

• Correlate the effective nuclear charge with selected trends in periodic properties.
  Ionic Radii Electron Configurations of Ions
• Analyze the electron configuration of salts to determine their magnetism.
  Magnetism of Salts

An anion is an ion with a negative charge - It is an anion when atoms gain electrons - Anions are mostly nonmetals -A cation is an ion with a positive charge. Cation and anion are both ionized forms of an atom. (added or lost electrons) cation has a positive charge and anion is negative. Hence Al3+ is a cation. Such atoms are referred to as ‘ions’. Depending upon the charge it acquires, an ion is classified into two types – cation and anion. A cation is an atom which has lost one or more electrons. This gives a net positive charge to the cation, since the protons that are positively charged outnumber the electrons.

Key Concepts and Summary Glossary End of Section Exercises

Ionic Radii

Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; thus, it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived (Figure 1). For example, the radius of a neutral aluminum atom (1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p¹) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al³⁺ (1s²2s²2p⁶) is 68 pm. All electrons in the n=3 shell are removed, the remaining electrons occupying smaller shells. Even the removal of a single electron produces a cation that is smaller than the parent atom as more accurate methods of determining Z_eff that account for the screening effect of the valence electrons, show that losing a valence electron increases Z_eff for any remaining valence electrons.

Cations with larger charges are smaller than cations with smaller charges (e.g., V²⁺ has an ionic radius of 79 pm, while that of V³⁺ is 64 pm). Proceeding down the groups of the periodic table, we find that cations of successive elements with the same charge generally have larger radii, corresponding to an increase in the principal quantum number, n.

An anion is formed by the addition of one or more electrons to the valence shell of an atom. This results in a greater repulsion among the valence electrons and a decrease in Z_eff per valence electron, as valence electrons do contribute to screening albeit to a much lesser degree than the core electrons. Both effects (the increased number of electrons and the decreased Z_eff) cause the radius of an anion to be larger than that of the neutral atom (Figure 1). For example, a sulfur atom ([Ne]3s²3p⁴) has a covalent radius of 104 pm, whereas the ionic radius of the sulfide anion ([Ne]3s²3p⁶) is 170 pm. For consecutive elements proceeding down any group, anions have larger principal quantum numbers and, thus, larger radii.

Atoms and ions that have the same electron configuration are said to be isoelectronic. Examples of isoelectronic species are N^3–, O^2–, F^–, Ne, Na⁺, Mg²⁺, and Al³⁺ (all have the electron configuration 1s²2s²2p⁶). Another isoelectronic series is P^3–, S^2–, Cl^–, Ar, K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Sc³⁺ ([Ne]3s²3p⁶). For atoms or ions that are isoelectronic, the number of protons determines the size. The greater the nuclear charge, the smaller the radius in a series of isoelectronic ions and atoms because the electrons on the atom with the greatest nuclear charge will experience the highest Z_eff.

Electron Configurations of Ions

We have seen that ions are formed when atoms gain or lose electrons. A cation (positively charged ion) forms when one or more electrons are removed from a neutral atom. The outermost or valence electrons are removed since they have the highest energies, are shielded more, and are farthest from the nucleus. For main group elements, the electrons that were added last are the first electrons removed. For transition metals and inner transition metals, however, electrons in the s orbital are easier to remove than the d or f electrons, and so the highest ns electrons are lost, and then the (n – 1)d or (n – 2)f electrons are removed. An anion forms when one or more electrons are added to a neutral atom. The added electrons fill in the order predicted by the Aufbau principle as we learned in a previous section.

Example 1

Predicting Electron Configurations of Ions
What is the electron configuration and orbital diagram of:

(a) Na⁺

(b) P^3–

(c) Al²⁺

(d) Fe²⁺

(e) Sm³⁺

Solution
First, write out the electron configuration for each parent atom. We have chosen to show the full, unabbreviated configurations to provide more practice for students who want it, but listing the core-abbreviated electron configurations is also acceptable.

Next, determine whether an electron is gained or lost. Remember electrons are negatively charged, so ions with a positive charge have lost an electron. For main group elements, the last orbital gains or loses the electron. For transition metals, the last s orbital loses an electron before the d orbitals.

(a) Na: 1s²2s²2p⁶3s¹. Sodium cation loses one electron, so Na⁺: 1s²2s²2p⁶.

(b) P: 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p³. Phosphorus anion (phosphide) gains three electrons, so P³⁻: 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶.

(c) Al: 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p¹. Aluminum cation loses two electrons, so Al²⁺: 1s²2s²2p⁶3s¹.

(d) Fe: 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d⁶. Iron(II) loses two electrons and, since it is a transition metal, they are removed from the 4s orbital. Fe²⁺: 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶3d⁶.

(e). Sm: 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f⁶. Samarium cation loses three electrons. The first two will be lost from the 6s orbital, and the final one is removed from the 4f orbital. Sm³⁺: 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶4f⁵.

Check Your Learning
Which ion with a +2 charge has the electron configuration 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶3d¹⁰4s²4p⁶4d⁵? Which ion with a 3+ charge has this configuration?

Magnetism of Salts

Would You Be A Cation Or Anion

Electron configuration of ions becomes important when analyzing the magnetism of salts. Paramagnetism refers to the magnetic state of an atom with one or more unpaired electrons. The unpaired electrons are attracted by a magnetic field due to the electrons’ magnetic dipole moments. Hund’s Rule states that electrons must occupy every orbital singly before any orbital is doubly occupied. This may leave the atom with many unpaired electrons. Because unpaired electrons can spin in either direction, they display magnetic moments in any direction. This capability allows paramagnetic atoms to be attracted to magnetic fields.

Diamagnetic substances are characterized by paired electrons, i.e., no unpaired electrons. According to the Pauli Exclusion Principle which states that no two electrons may occupy the same quantum state at the same time, the electron spins are oriented in opposite directions. This causes the magnetic fields of the electrons to cancel out; thus there is no net magnetic moment, and the atom cannot be attracted into a magnetic field.

To determine whether an atom is paramagnetic or diamagnetic, you need to create and analyze the orbital box diagram to determine if there are unpaired electrons. We can also determine whether a salt will be attracted to a magnet by looking at the orbital box diagram for the ions in the salt, specifically the metal cations. By analyzing whether the metal cation has unpaired electrons, we can determine if the salt will be attracted to a magnet (i.e., be paramagnetic) or not (i.e., be diamagnetic).

Demonstration: Paramagnetic ions are attracted to a magnetic field

Set up. The following video shows how paramagnetic salts and diamagnetic salts react differently to a magnetic field. In this demonstration, the salts are contained in vials and a magnet is brought in from the right side of the screen. The ruler is used to show how close the magnet must get before the vial is attracted to the magnet (if at all). The salts shown are ZnSO₄(s), Fe₂O₃(s), MnSO₄(s), and FeCl₃(s).

Prediction. Before watching the video, predict which of these salts will be attracted to the magnet.

Explanation. This demonstration shows that ZnSO₄(s) is not attracted to the magnet and is thus diamagnetic. The Zn²⁺ cation is formed when the two 4s electrons are removed from the Zn atom, leaving the electron configuration [Ar]3d¹⁰, which contains all paired electrons. The other salts are all paramagnetic and attracted to the magnet. Fe³⁺ (in Fe₂O₃ and FeCl₃) has the electron configuration [Ar]3d⁵, containing unpaired electrons. Mn²⁺ has the electron configuration [Ar]3d⁵, which also has unpaired electrons. These paramagnetic ions cause these salts to be attracted to the magnetic field.

Key Concepts and Summary

Ne Cation Or Anion

Anionic radii are larger than the neutral parent atom since there are more electrons yet the nuclear charge has remained constant, so the valence electrons experience a lower Z_eff. Cationic radii are smaller than the neutral parent atom because the number of valence electrons has decreased while the nuclear charge has remained constant, leading to an increased Z_eff and if all of the valence electrons are removed, the removal of an occupied outer shell. When determining the electron configuration of an ion, for main group elements, the electrons that were added last are the ones that are removed first when forming a cation. For transition metal elements, the ns electrons are easier to remove than the d or f electrons, so the s electrons are removed first.

Is Ne A Cation Or Anion

Paramagnetic substances are weakly attracted to a magnetic field, while diamagnetic substances are not. This is because paramagnetic substances have at least one unpaired electron.

Glossary

isoelectronic

group of ions or atoms that have identical electron configurations

Neon Cation Or Anion

1. What additional information do we need to answer the question “Which ion has the electron configuration 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶”?
2. Thallium was used as a poison in the Agatha Christie mystery story “The Pale Horse.” Thallium has two possible cationic forms, +1 and +3. The +1 compounds are the more stable. Write the electron structure of the +1 cation of thallium.
3. In one area of Australia, the cattle did not thrive despite the presence of suitable forage. An investigation showed the cause to be the absence of sufficient cobalt in the soil. Cobalt forms cations in two oxidation states, Co²⁺ and Co³⁺. Write the electron structure of the two cations.
4. Which ion with a +1 charge has the electron configuration 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶3d¹⁰4s²4p⁶? Which ion with a –2 charge has this configuration?
5. Write the electron configurations for the following atoms or ions:
   1. B³⁺
   2. O^–
   3. Cl³⁺
   4. Ca²⁺
   5. Ti
6. Based on their positions in the periodic table, list the following ions in order of increasing radius: K⁺, Ca²⁺, Al³⁺, Si⁴⁺.
7. List the following ions in order of increasing radius: Li⁺, Mg²⁺, Br^–, Te^2–.
8. Which atom and/or ion is/are isoelectronic with Br⁺: Se²⁺, Se, As^–, Kr, Ga³⁺, Cl^–?
9. Which of the following atoms and ions is/are isoelectronic with S²⁺: Si⁴⁺, Cl³⁺, Ar, As³⁺, Si, Al³⁺?
10. Compare both the numbers of protons and electrons present in each to rank the following ions in order of increasing radius: As^3–, Br^–, K⁺, Mg²⁺.
11. The ionic radii of the ions S^2–, Cl^–, and K⁺ are 184, 181, 138 pm respectively. Explain why these ions have different sizes even though they contain the same number of electrons.

Be Cation Or Anion

1. 1. The charge of the ion.
   2. 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶3d¹⁰4s²4p⁶4d¹⁰5s²5p⁶6s²4f¹⁴5d¹⁰
   3. (a) Co²⁺: 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶3d⁷; (b) Co³⁺: 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶3d⁶
   4. Rb⁺, Se²⁻
   5. (a) 1s²; (b) 1s²2s²2p⁵; (c) 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p²; (d) 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶; (e) 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d²
   6. Si⁴⁺ < Al³⁺ < Ca²⁺ < K⁺
   7. Li⁺ < Mg²⁺ < Br^– < Te^2-
   8. Se, As⁻
   9. Cl³⁺, Si
   10. Mg²⁺ < K⁺ < Br^– < As^3–
   11. Even though these ions are isoelectronic, they have different effective nuclear charge. Since the cations have electrons removed from its valence shell, its effective nuclear charge increases therefore making the radius smaller. For anions, since there are electrons being added to the valence shell, the effective nuclear charge decreases therefore the radius increases.